P73 · Extremal configurations · Classic

Covering a square with n equal discs

1y0
0x1
VERIFIED CONSTRUCTION10 equal discs of shared radius 0.218234; the marked place is the hardest to reach, and it is what sets the radius
n = 10Current record · open

Place n points in the square of side 1. Let r be the distance from the worst-served place — the one farthest from every point — to the point nearest it, and make r as small as possible. Equivalently: cover the whole square with n equal discs of radius r, and make r as small as you can.

Formal definition

  • ContainerThe unit square: the origin (0, 0) at its lower-left corner, (1, 1) at its upper right, boundary included
  • SubmissionExactly n points, each coordinate a decimal with at most nine places; no two points may coincide
  • Scorer(P) is the largest, over the square, of the distance to the nearest submitted point. The verifier finds its square exactly, then takes an exact square root rounded upward at 10⁻¹⁸ — upward, so the stored number never claims a tighter cover than the arrangement achievesr(P)=maxxKminixpi
  • Why this is finiteInside its own nearest-neighbour region a point is the nearest one, and |x − p|² is convex, so its largest value on a convex polygon is at a corner. The search over a continuous region collapses to finitely many rational corners, in whole numbers throughout, touching no float
  • ObjectiveMake r(P) as small as possible over all legal point sets PminPr(P)

Getting a feel for it

It pulls the opposite way to packing

Packing forbids overlap, so the circles shrink inward and keep off the boundary; covering allows it and forces the discs into the corners instead. For the same n a good cover looks nothing like a good packing.

Where the frontier is

The grid is not optimal. Kershner settled covering the infinite plane in 1939 (hexagons are the thriftiest), but the boundary of a square creates a very different corner effect. n=5 and n=7 are proved; n=6 and n=8–30 show the best public constructions in the literature and may still be improved. This site has reconstructed every HUT-TCS-A62 vector figure as verifier-ready coordinates. n=31–35 are open for play, but no value is presented as a literature record until its published construction can be reproduced publicly.

Source
ONE LEADERBOARD PER n

Current best solutions by n

Each n is an independent record with a page of its own. Open any of them to inspect the current construction, then challenge it.

Discussion (0) ↓
n5
CURRENT RECORD0.326160584140164
Optimal
Answer sourceTibor Tarnai and Zsolt Gáspár
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n6
CURRENT RECORD0.298727062727013best known 0.29872706223691915876
Hard
Answer sourceJ. B. M. Melissen and P. C. Schuur
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n7
CURRENT RECORD0.274291885508214
Optimal
Answer sourceTibor Tarnai and Zsolt Gáspár
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n8
CURRENT RECORD0.260300106331911best known 0.26030010588652494367
Hard
Answer sourceJ. B. M. Melissen and P. C. Schuur
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n9
CURRENT RECORD0.230636928153193best known 0.23063692781954790734
Hard
Answer sourceTibor Tarnai and Zsolt Gáspár
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n10
CURRENT RECORD0.218233513303646best known 0.21823351279308384300
Hard
Answer sourceTibor Tarnai and Zsolt Gáspár
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n11
CURRENT RECORD0.212516016859301best known 0.21251601649318384587
Hard
Answer sourceJ. B. M. Melissen and P. C. Schuur
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n12
CURRENT RECORD0.202275889746884best known 0.20227588920818008037
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n13
CURRENT RECORD0.194312371884867best known 0.19431237143171902878
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n14
CURRENT RECORD0.185510547628495best known 0.18551054726041864107
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n15
CURRENT RECORD0.179661760215522best known 0.17966175993333219846
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n16
CURRENT RECORD0.169427052007340best known 0.16942705159811602395
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n17
CURRENT RECORD0.165680929981178best known 0.16568092957077472538
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n18
CURRENT RECORD0.160639664048191best known 0.16063966359715453523
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n19
CURRENT RECORD0.157841982137137best known 0.15784198174667375675
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n20
CURRENT RECORD0.152246811514529best known 0.15224681123338031005
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n21
CURRENT RECORD0.148953790115860best known 0.14895378955109932188
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n22
CURRENT RECORD0.143693177328492best known 0.14369317712168800049
Hard
Answer sourceA. Lengyel and I. A. Veres; independently Kari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n23
CURRENT RECORD0.141244822774814best known 0.14124482238793135951
Hard
Answer sourceA. Lengyel and I. A. Veres; independently Kari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n24
CURRENT RECORD0.138302883737671best known 0.13830288328269767697
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n25
CURRENT RECORD0.133548706993385best known 0.13354870656077049693
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n26
CURRENT RECORD0.131764875956284best known 0.13176487561482596463
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n27
CURRENT RECORD0.128633534696441best known 0.12863353450309966807
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n28
CURRENT RECORD0.127317554087931best known 0.12731755346561372147
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n29
CURRENT RECORD0.125553508346551best known 0.12555350796411353317
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n30
CURRENT RECORD0.122036869354871best known 0.12203686881944873607
Hard
Answer sourceKari J. Nurmela and Patric R. J. Östergård
Solution methodPublished reference construction
View problem
n31
CURRENT RECORD0.122036869354871
Easy
Answer sourceMinMax Arena
Solution methodMinMax Arena reference construction
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n32
CURRENT RECORD0.122036869266692
Easy
Answer sourceMinMax Arena
Solution methodMinMax Arena reference construction
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n33
CURRENT RECORD0.122036869153125
Easy
Answer sourceMinMax Arena
Solution methodMinMax Arena reference construction
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n34
CURRENT RECORD0.122036869153125
Easy
Answer sourceMinMax Arena
Solution methodMinMax Arena reference construction
View problem
n35
CURRENT RECORD0.122036869153125
Easy
Answer sourceMinMax Arena
Solution methodMinMax Arena reference construction
View problem

Data and citation

Every sub-problem in this family — authoritative scores, proof status, coordinates and sources — lives at the stable address below, published under CC BY 4.0. Scores move as records fall, so cite the generatedAt timestamp the file carries.

GET https://minmaxarena.com/data/circles-covering-a-square.json

Cite the frozen 2026-08 edition: records move, a frozen edition never does, so the citation is still checkable years later.

GET https://minmaxarena.com/data/editions/2026-08/circles-covering-a-square.json
BibTeX (click to copy)
@misc{minmaxarena-circles-covering-a-square-2026-08,
  title  = {{Covering a square with n equal discs} (P73)},
  author = {{MinMax Arena}},
  year   = {2026},
  note   = {Machine-verified records, 2026-08 edition},
  url    = {https://minmaxarena.com/data/editions/2026-08/circles-covering-a-square.json},
  license = {CC BY 4.0}
}
DISCUSSION

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