P61 · Extremal configurations · Classic · Applied frontier · Hard

Codebook packing in complex projective space · d = 3, n = 15

Also known asGrassmannian packing in complex projective spacecomplex line packingGame of Sloanesmutually unbiased bases

Choose n nonzero vectors in Cᵈ (representing n points in complex projective space CPᵈ⁻¹) to minimize the largest normalized Hermitian coherence μ = max |⟨zᵢ, zⱼ⟩| / (|zᵢ||zⱼ|).

Instanced = 3, n = 15

ObjectiveMinimize the largest coherence μ

Record comparison

the largest coherence μ · Lower is better

Record	Value / interval	Author / holder	Source
External best known	[0.640388195, 0.640388205]	See source attribution	github.com ↗
Site record	0.640388204	zzzcy	Record details ↓

Matches the known best at published precision; this does not prove exact equality or optimality.

Formal definition

ContainerComplex d-space Cᵈ; an answer is n points of complex projective space CPᵈ⁻¹
SubmissionExactly n nonzero complex vectors, each d pairs [re, im]
Coherenceμ² is the largest squared normalized Hermitian inner product over all pairs of complex projective points; numerators and denominators are rational and compared directly by cross-multiplication $μ^{2} = \max_{i < j} \frac{{| ⟨ z_{i}, z_{j} ⟩ |}^{2}}{{| z_{i} |}^{2} {| z_{j} |}^{2}}$
ScoringThe record is stored as ceil(μ²·10¹⁸); the page displays μ, rounded up at the ninth decimal
ObjectiveMake μ², equivalently μ, as small as possible over all legal complex projective codebooks $\min_{z_{1}, \dots, z_{n}} μ^{2}$

Challenge this record ↗

Layout shown: site record

VERIFIED CONSTRUCTIONpairwise inner-product heatmap of 15 directions (brighter = closer)

Getting a feel for it

Where it is used

Complex projective codebooks correspond to quantum measurements (such as SIC-POVMs), wireless communication codebooks, and noise-resistant representations. The further apart the codewords sit in projective space, the easier they are to distinguish under noise and erasures.

Where the frontier is

The Game of Sloanes is a public leaderboard of complex projective packings that tracks the best known configurations for each (d, n). Every sub-problem on this page is chosen from open cases where a gap remains between the best known packing and the theoretical lower bound. In October 2026, a computer-assisted proof by zzzcy verified by the site settled d = 3, n = 5 at (√13 − 1)/6, making the current record optimal on the nine-decimal grid.

Source

LAYOUT & HISTORY

Record details

Inspect the layout, solver notes and record history.

Record holderzzzcy

Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra

Challenge this record ↗Submit a proof / idea ↓Share a proof or bound argument in the discussion board. Accepted contributions earn proof points.

Record holder's solver noteNo solver note yet (expand)＋

The record holder has not shared a solver note yet.

Record history (9 changes)

zzzcyAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
0.640388203205→0.640388203202
2026-10-06
zzzcyAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
0.64038820327→0.64038820320
2026-10-02
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.6403882032749→0.6403882032740
2026-09-22
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.640388203276→0.640388203274
2026-09-22
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.64038820328→0.64038820327
2026-09-21
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.640388203285→0.640388203283
2026-09-07
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.640388203288→0.640388203285
2026-09-02
Sigmoid with CodexAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
0.6403882033→0.6403882032
2026-09-01
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.6403882035→0.6403882033
2026-09-01

ANSWER FORMAT

How to write your answer

Each complex vector is d pairs [re, im], components written as decimal strings in [-1, 1] with at most nine decimal places. Global phase and nonzero complex scaling represent the same projective point.

Submit vectors: exactly n rows of d pairs [re, im], both decimal strings in [-1, 1]. Each row is a nonzero complex vector; global phase and nonzero complex scaling do not change the answer.

The current leader's answer

{
  "vectors": [
    [
      [
        "1.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "1.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "1.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.632046205",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.632046205",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.632046205",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.632046205",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "-0.399897655"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "0.712128309"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "-0.399897655"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "-0.712128309"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "0.399897655"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "0.712128309"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "0.399897655"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "-0.712128309"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "0.712128309"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "0.399897655"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "0.712128309"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "-0.399897655"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "-0.712128309"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "0.399897655"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "-0.712128309"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "-0.399897655"
      ]
    ]
  ]
}

Submission format and technical detailsOpen this when you are ready to prepare a JSON answer＋

Instance parameters

{
  "n": 15,
  "d": 3
}

The current leader's answer

{
  "vectors": [
    [
      [
        "1.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "1.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "1.000000000",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.632046205",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.632046205",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.632046205",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.632046205",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.954531322",
        "0.000000000"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "-0.399897655"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "0.712128309"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "-0.399897655"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "-0.712128309"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "0.399897655"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "0.712128309"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "0.399897655"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "-0.712128309"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "0.712128309"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "0.399897655"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "0.712128309"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "-0.399897655"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "-0.712128309"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "0.399897655"
      ]
    ],
    [
      [
        "0.786321100",
        "0.000000000"
      ],
      [
        "0.333427869",
        "-0.712128309"
      ],
      [
        "-0.333427869",
        "-0.399897655"
      ]
    ]
  ]
}

Submit vectors: exactly n rows of d pairs [re, im], both decimal strings in [-1, 1]. Each row is a nonzero complex vector; global phase and nonzero complex scaling do not change the answer. · Verifier v1.0.0

DISCUSSION

Discussion

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