P12 · Packing and covering · Classic · Hard

Equal-circle packing in a 2:1 rectangle · n = 28

Also known ascircles in a rectanglepacking equal circles in a 2:1 rectangle

Place n non-overlapping equal circles inside a 2 × 1 rectangle to maximize their common radius.

Instancen = 28

ObjectiveMaximize common radius

Record comparison

common radius · Higher is better

Record	Value / interval	Author / holder	Source
External best known	[0.134650918192363436765398755139, 0.134650918192363436765398755141]	Eckard Specht1999–2010	Packomania ↗
Site record	0.134650918	NUE_13	Record details ↓

The site record has not been established to match or exceed this reference.

Formal definition

ContainerA 2 × 1 rectangle [0, 2] × [0, 1], with lower-left corner (0, 0) and upper-right corner (2, 1)
SubmissionExactly n circles: one common radius and n center coordinates
ConstraintsEvery circle lies wholly inside the rectangle; no two interiors overlap, and tangency is allowed
ObjectiveMaximize the common radius

Open full editor ↗

Layout shown: site record

1y0

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728

0x2

VERIFIED CONSTRUCTIONr = 0.134650918

Getting a feel for it

Staggered zig-zag chains and row transitions

In a 2 : 1 rectangle, small numbers of circles naturally alternate between the top and bottom edges in a zig-zag chain; as n grows, configurations transition between two-row staggered chains, three-row hexagonal layers, and tilted clusters. Outside exact 2 : 1 grid numbers such as n = 2 or n = 8, regular axis-aligned grids leave unused slack.

Proven optima and open frontier

Optimality for n = 3..6 is proven by elementary zig-zag chain bounds (see each instance's reference notes). Larger n cite Packomania's table for the 1 × 0.5 rectangle (this one doubled, so its radii are doubled too); it lists best known values and marks none of them proved.

LAYOUT & HISTORY

Record details

Inspect the layout, solver notes and record history.

Record holderNUE_13

Solution methodHuman

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Record holder's solver noteNo solver note yet (expand)＋

The record holder has not shared a solver note yet.

Record history (1 changes)

NUE_13Human
0.1→0.134650918
2026-10-17

ANSWER FORMAT

How to write your answer

The container is a rectangle 2 wide and 1 tall. Its lower-left corner is the origin (0, 0) and its upper-right corner is (2, 1). Coordinates and lengths share one unit and are written as plain decimals such as "0.25", to at most nine decimal places.

Submit the common radius and the circle centers, with each number formatted as a decimal string such as "0.25".

The current leader's answer

{
  "centers": [
    [
      "0.134650918",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "0.403952754",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "0.673254590",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "0.942556426",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "1.211858262",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "1.481160098",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "1.750461934",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "1.865349082",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "1.596047246",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "1.326745410",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "1.057443574",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "0.788141738",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "0.518839902",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "0.249538066",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "0.134650918",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "0.403952754",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "0.673254590",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "0.942556426",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "1.211858262",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "1.481160098",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "1.750461934",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "1.865349072",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "1.596047236",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "1.326745400",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "1.057443564",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "0.788141728",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "0.518839892",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "0.249538056",
      "0.865349082"
    ]
  ],
  "radius": "0.134650918"
}

Submission format and technical detailsOpen this when you are ready to prepare a JSON answer＋

Instance parameters

{
  "n": 28
}

The current leader's answer

{
  "centers": [
    [
      "0.134650918",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "0.403952754",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "0.673254590",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "0.942556426",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "1.211858262",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "1.481160098",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "1.750461934",
      "0.134650918"
    ],
    [
      "1.865349082",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "1.596047246",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "1.326745410",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "1.057443574",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "0.788141738",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "0.518839902",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "0.249538066",
      "0.378216971"
    ],
    [
      "0.134650918",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "0.403952754",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "0.673254590",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "0.942556426",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "1.211858262",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "1.481160098",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "1.750461934",
      "0.621783024"
    ],
    [
      "1.865349072",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "1.596047236",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "1.326745400",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "1.057443564",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "0.788141728",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "0.518839892",
      "0.865349082"
    ],
    [
      "0.249538056",
      "0.865349082"
    ]
  ],
  "radius": "0.134650918"
}

Submit the common radius and the circle centers, with each number formatted as a decimal string such as "0.25". · Verifier v1.0.0

DISCUSSION

Discussion

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本题n=8时用抽屉原理的证明NUE_13#313 replies10d ago 好！！！NUE_13#310 replies17d ago