P59 · Extremal configurations · Classic · Applied frontier

Minimum L2-star discrepancy in the unit hypercube

Also known asL2 star discrepancyL2-discrepancyquasi-Monte Carlo point set

1y0
0x1
VERIFIED CONSTRUCTIONfirst two coordinates of 16 higher-dimensional points
d = 3, n = 16Current record · open

Place n points in [0,1]ᵈ. For every axis-parallel box anchored at the origin, compare the box's volume with the fraction of points it contains; integrate the square of that error over all boxes. That integral is the squared L2-star discrepancy. Make it as small as possible.

Formal definition

  • ContainerThe d-dimensional unit hypercube [0,1]ᵈ, coordinates in the closed interval
  • SubmissionExactly n points, each d decimal coordinates; coincidences are allowed
  • L2-star discrepancy𝟙 is 1 when every coordinate of the point is at most the corresponding coordinate of u, and 0 otherwise; the integral ranges over all origin-anchored boxesD2∗(P)2=∫[0,1]d(1n∑i=1n𝟙[xir≤ur,∀r]−∏r=1dur)2du
  • Closed formThe verifier uses Warnock's formula to compute D₂*(P)² exactly on the nine-decimal gridD2∗(P)2=13d−21−dn∑i=1n∏r=1d(1−xir2)+1n2∑i,j=1n∏r=1d(1−max(xir,xjr))
  • ScoringThe record is the exact integer M·D² with the common denominator cleared; the page shows D, rounded up at the twelfth decimal
  • ObjectiveMake the L2-star discrepancy as small as possible over all legal point sets PminPD2∗(P)

Getting a feel for it

What it measures

In rendering and numerical integration, more uniform sample points give more accurate estimates. Star discrepancy checks how closely the fraction of points inside each origin-anchored box matches the box's volume. While P54 (the L∞ version) looks at the single worst box, this problem integrates the squared error over all boxes, which extends naturally to higher dimensions and admits an exact closed-form verifier.

Where the frontier is

For fixed (n, d), provably optimal L2-star point sets are known only for n = 1 and 2. Every sub-problem on this page is open.

Source
ONE LEADERBOARD PER n

Current best solutions by n

Each parameter n is an independently scored sub-problem. Select any card to inspect the current record construction or submit a stronger solution.

Discussion (0) ↓
Instanced = 2, n = 8
CURRENT RECORD0.045764700207
Hard
Record holderGaozx1
Solution methodAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
Instanced = 2, n = 12
CURRENT RECORD0.03178676716
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 2, n = 16
CURRENT RECORD0.024464618797
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 2, n = 24
CURRENT RECORD0.016758656577
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 2, n = 32
CURRENT RECORD0.012880844683
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 3, n = 8
CURRENT RECORD0.046731076234
Hard
Record holderἈθηνᾶ
Solution methodAI · Anthropic: Claude Opus 5
Instanced = 3, n = 12
CURRENT RECORD0.033529352091
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 16
CURRENT RECORD0.026539377374
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 24
CURRENT RECORD0.018932101978
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 32
CURRENT RECORD0.014907269469
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 4, n = 8
CURRENT RECORD0.041200670193
Hard
Record holdercondor
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6.1 Sol
Instanced = 4, n = 12
CURRENT RECORD0.030847915755
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 16
CURRENT RECORD0.025133138714
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 4, n = 24
CURRENT RECORD0.018451358107
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 4, n = 32
CURRENT RECORD0.01483534279
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 6, n = 8
CURRENT RECORD0.023624963383
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 6, n = 12
CURRENT RECORD0.019459237515
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 6, n = 16
CURRENT RECORD0.016684273988
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 6, n = 24
CURRENT RECORD0.013194209536
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 6, n = 32
CURRENT RECORD0.011091272684
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 8, n = 8
CURRENT RECORD0.010393980133
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 8, n = 12
CURRENT RECORD0.009286472093
Hard
Record holder邱仲普
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 8, n = 16
CURRENT RECORD0.008418370472
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 8, n = 24
CURRENT RECORD0.007159890856
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 8, n = 32
CURRENT RECORD0.006291438235
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra

Data and citation

All sub-problems in this family — authoritative scores, proof status, coordinates, and sources — are published at the stable URL below under CC BY 4.0. Because scores update as records fall, please cite the file's generatedAt timestamp.

GET https://minmaxarena.com/data/l2-star-discrepancy.json

Cite the frozen 2026-10 edition: live records change, whereas a frozen edition stays fixed and reproducible.

GET https://minmaxarena.com/data/editions/2026-10/l2-star-discrepancy.json
BibTeX (click to copy)
@misc{minmaxarena-l2-star-discrepancy-2026-10,
  title  = {{Minimum L2-star discrepancy in the unit hypercube} (P59)},
  author = {{MinMax Arena}},
  year   = {2026},
  note   = {Machine-verified records, 2026-10 edition},
  url    = {https://minmaxarena.com/data/editions/2026-10/l2-star-discrepancy.json},
  license = {CC BY 4.0}
}
DISCUSSION

Discussion

Discuss strategies, share construction methods, or ask questions. Any signed-in user can post under their public byline and unique #UID. New posts appear after moderation.

No threads yet. Start the first discussion.