P60 · Extremal configurations · Classic · Applied frontier

Line packing in real projective space

Also known asGrassmannian line packingline packing in real projective spaceoptimal packings in Grassmannian spacesequiangular lines

VERIFIED CONSTRUCTIONpairwise inner-product heatmap of 9 directions (brighter = closer)
d = 3, n = 9Current record · open

Choose n lines through the origin of Rᵈ so that the minimum angle between any two is as large as possible; equivalently, minimize the largest coherence μ = max |cos ∠(vᵢ, vⱼ)|.

Formal definition

  • ContainerReal d-space Rᵈ, every line through the origin; an answer is n points of real projective space RPᵈ⁻¹
  • SubmissionExactly n nonzero vectors, d coordinates each; a vector stands for the line it spans
  • Coherenceμ² is the largest squared normalized inner product over all pairs of lines, compared directly as exact rationals by cross-multiplicationμ2=maxi<j(vi·vj)2|vi|2|vj|2
  • ScoringThe record is stored as ceil(μ²·10¹⁸); the page displays μ, rounded up at the ninth decimal
  • ObjectiveMake μ², equivalently μ, as small as possible over all legal families of linesminv1,…,vnμ2

Getting a feel for it

Another way to say it

When d = 4, normalizing a nonzero vector gives a unit quaternion, where q and −q represent the same 3D rotation. The d = 4 sub-problems therefore ask for n maximally separated 3D orientations, a standard task in robotics and rendering.

Where the frontier is

Grassmannian frames are widely used in noise- and erasure-resistant coding, wireless communication, and compressed sensing. Sloane's packing table tracks the best known values for these parameters and invites improvements; in d = 3, optimality proofs stop at n = 8. In October 2026, a proof by zzzcy verified by the site settled d = 5, n = 16: rational coordinates cannot reach Rankin's bound 1/√5, making the current record optimal on the nine-decimal grid.

Source
ONE LEADERBOARD PER n

Current best solutions by n

Each parameter n is an independently scored sub-problem. Select any card to inspect the current record construction or submit a stronger solution.

Discussion (0) ↓
Instanced = 3, n = 9
CURRENT RECORD0.66936232best known [0.6693623192636406, 0.6693623193383386]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 10
CURRENT RECORD0.686140662best known [0.6861406616357902, 0.6861406617086616]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 11
CURRENT RECORD0.714434498best known [0.7144344973823703, 0.7144344974523557]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 12
CURRENT RECORD0.744520839best known [0.744520838224156, 0.7445208382913133]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 13
CURRENT RECORD0.768137377best known [0.7681373762876014, 0.7681373763526939]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 14
CURRENT RECORD0.780622193best known [0.780622192773175, 0.7806221928372264]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 15
CURRENT RECORD0.786558572best known [0.786558571150299, 0.7865585712138671]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 3, n = 16
CURRENT RECORD0.794654473best known [0.7946544723022705, 0.7946544723651909]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 9
CURRENT RECORD0.434258546best known [0.4342585458571886, 0.4342585459723274]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 10
CURRENT RECORD0.434258546best known [0.4342585458571886, 0.4342585459723274]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 11
CURRENT RECORD0.5best known [0.5, 0.50000000015]
Matches the best known
Record holderTmrg
Solution methodAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3
Instanced = 4, n = 12
CURRENT RECORD0.5best known [0.5, 0.50000000015]
Matches the best known
Record holderTmrg
Solution methodAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3
Instanced = 4, n = 13
CURRENT RECORD0.566915271best known [0.5669152706974826, 0.5669152707856793]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 14
CURRENT RECORD0.590076516best known [0.590076515250353, 0.5900765153350878]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 15
CURRENT RECORD0.608739412best known [0.6087394116943637, 0.6087394117765007]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 16
CURRENT RECORD0.618033989best known [0.6180339887498097, 0.6180339888307115]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 17
CURRENT RECORD0.630851712best known [0.6308517112998903, 0.6308517113791481]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 18
CURRENT RECORD0.636647309best known [0.6366473082091842, 0.6366473082877206]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 19
CURRENT RECORD0.646648904best known [0.6466489037723639, 0.6466489038496857]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 4, n = 20
CURRENT RECORD0.652985798best known [0.6529857972038902, 0.6529857972804615]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 11
CURRENT RECORD0.386641199best known [0.3866411988523727, 0.3866411989816915]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 12
CURRENT RECORD0.390388204best known [0.3903882031388756, 0.3903882032669532]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 13
CURRENT RECORD0.411006676best known [0.4110066756757121, 0.4110066757973647]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 14
CURRENT RECORD0.411130551best known [0.4111305508594563, 0.4111305509810722]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 15
CURRENT RECORD0.414213563best known [0.4142135623684961, 0.4142135624892068]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 16
CURRENT RECORD1/√5
Proven optimum
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 17
CURRENT RECORD0.480904102best known [0.4809041009910396, 0.4809041010950104]
Matches the best known
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 18
CURRENT RECORD0.483999001best known [0.4839990002572319, 0.4839990003605379]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 19
CURRENT RECORD0.5best known [0.5, 0.50000000015]
Matches the best known
Record holderSigmoid with Codex
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 5, n = 20
CURRENT RECORD0.5best known [0.5, 0.50000000015]
Matches the best known
Record holderSigmoid with Codex
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
Instanced = 5, n = 21
CURRENT RECORD0.541672065best known [0.5416720642141332, 0.5416720643064399]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Instanced = 5, n = 22
CURRENT RECORD0.554034329best known [0.5540343287649241, 0.5540343288551712]
Hard
Record holderzzzcy
Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra

Data and citation

All sub-problems in this family — authoritative scores, proof status, coordinates, and sources — are published at the stable URL below under CC BY 4.0. Because scores update as records fall, please cite the file's generatedAt timestamp.

GET https://minmaxarena.com/data/line-packing.json

Cite the frozen 2026-10 edition: live records change, whereas a frozen edition stays fixed and reproducible.

GET https://minmaxarena.com/data/editions/2026-10/line-packing.json
BibTeX (click to copy)
@misc{minmaxarena-line-packing-2026-10,
  title  = {{Line packing in real projective space} (P60)},
  author = {{MinMax Arena}},
  year   = {2026},
  note   = {Machine-verified records, 2026-10 edition},
  url    = {https://minmaxarena.com/data/editions/2026-10/line-packing.json},
  license = {CC BY 4.0}
}
DISCUSSION

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