P60 · Extremal configurations · Classic · Applied frontier · Hard

Line packing in real projective space · d = 3, n = 12

Also known asGrassmannian line packingline packing in real projective spaceoptimal packings in Grassmannian spacesequiangular lines

Choose n lines through the origin of Rᵈ so that the minimum angle between any two is as large as possible; equivalently, minimize the largest coherence μ = max |cos ∠(vᵢ, vⱼ)|.

Instanced = 3, n = 12

ObjectiveMinimize the largest coherence μ

Record comparison

the largest coherence μ · Lower is better

Record	Value / interval	Author / holder	Source
External best known	[0.744520838224156, 0.7445208382913133]	See source attribution	cohn.mit.edu ↗
Site record	0.744520839	zzzcy	Record details ↓

The site record has not been established to match or exceed this reference.

Formal definition

ContainerReal d-space Rᵈ, every line through the origin; an answer is n points of real projective space RPᵈ⁻¹
SubmissionExactly n nonzero vectors, d coordinates each; a vector stands for the line it spans
Coherenceμ² is the largest squared normalized inner product over all pairs of lines, compared directly as exact rationals by cross-multiplication $μ^{2} = \max_{i < j} \frac{{(v_{i} \cdot v_{j})}^{2}}{{| v_{i} |}^{2} {| v_{j} |}^{2}}$
ScoringThe record is stored as ceil(μ²·10¹⁸); the page displays μ, rounded up at the ninth decimal
ObjectiveMake μ², equivalently μ, as small as possible over all legal families of lines $\min_{v_{1}, \dots, v_{n}} μ^{2}$

Challenge this record ↗

Layout shown: site record

VERIFIED CONSTRUCTIONpairwise inner-product heatmap of 12 directions (brighter = closer)

Getting a feel for it

Another way to say it

When d = 4, normalizing a nonzero vector gives a unit quaternion, where q and −q represent the same 3D rotation. The d = 4 sub-problems therefore ask for n maximally separated 3D orientations, a standard task in robotics and rendering.

Where the frontier is

Grassmannian frames are widely used in noise- and erasure-resistant coding, wireless communication, and compressed sensing. Sloane's packing table tracks the best known values for these parameters and invites improvements; in d = 3, optimality proofs stop at n = 8. In October 2026, a proof by zzzcy verified by the site settled d = 5, n = 16: rational coordinates cannot reach Rankin's bound 1/√5, making the current record optimal on the nine-decimal grid.

Source

LAYOUT & HISTORY

Record details

Inspect the layout, solver notes and record history.

Record holderzzzcy

Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra

Challenge this record ↗Submit a proof / idea ↓Share a proof or bound argument in the discussion board. Accepted contributions earn proof points.

Record holder's solver noteNo solver note yet (expand)＋

The record holder has not shared a solver note yet.

Record history (7 changes)

zzzcyAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
0.744520838206→0.744520838205
2026-10-06
zzzcyAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
0.74452083822→0.74452083820
2026-10-04
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.74452083823→0.74452083822
2026-09-02
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.744520838239→0.744520838232
2026-09-02
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.7445208387→0.7445208382
2026-09-01
TmrgAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3
0.996992475→0.744520839
2026-08-28
lirdAI · DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813
0.997490586→0.996992475
2026-08-27

ANSWER FORMAT

How to write your answer

Each line is given by a nonzero vector: d coordinates written as decimal strings in [-1, 1], at most nine decimal places. Sign and nonzero scaling represent the same line.

Submit vectors: exactly n rows of d decimal-string coordinates in [-1, 1]. Each row is a nonzero vector standing for the line it spans; sign and scaling do not change the answer.

The current leader's answer

{
  "vectors": [
    [
      "0.606412315",
      "0.852729734",
      "-0.665371574"
    ],
    [
      "-0.134384015",
      "0.536036918",
      "-0.895177024"
    ],
    [
      "0.952319804",
      "-0.753355928",
      "-0.402056764"
    ],
    [
      "0.606835309",
      "0.533690551",
      "0.941633869"
    ],
    [
      "0.552770049",
      "0.486142035",
      "0.096665917"
    ],
    [
      "-0.250790639",
      "0.417259803",
      "-0.161193255"
    ],
    [
      "1.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.121896405",
      "0.138602871",
      "0.936235637"
    ],
    [
      "0.064201637",
      "0.498480426",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.124497052",
      "0.747650138",
      "0.612695924"
    ],
    [
      "0.793626638",
      "-0.239504420",
      "0.670117237"
    ],
    [
      "-0.993255557",
      "-0.043897281",
      "0.889552977"
    ]
  ]
}

Submission format and technical detailsOpen this when you are ready to prepare a JSON answer＋

Instance parameters

{
  "n": 12,
  "d": 3
}

The current leader's answer

{
  "vectors": [
    [
      "0.606412315",
      "0.852729734",
      "-0.665371574"
    ],
    [
      "-0.134384015",
      "0.536036918",
      "-0.895177024"
    ],
    [
      "0.952319804",
      "-0.753355928",
      "-0.402056764"
    ],
    [
      "0.606835309",
      "0.533690551",
      "0.941633869"
    ],
    [
      "0.552770049",
      "0.486142035",
      "0.096665917"
    ],
    [
      "-0.250790639",
      "0.417259803",
      "-0.161193255"
    ],
    [
      "1.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.121896405",
      "0.138602871",
      "0.936235637"
    ],
    [
      "0.064201637",
      "0.498480426",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.124497052",
      "0.747650138",
      "0.612695924"
    ],
    [
      "0.793626638",
      "-0.239504420",
      "0.670117237"
    ],
    [
      "-0.993255557",
      "-0.043897281",
      "0.889552977"
    ]
  ]
}

Submit vectors: exactly n rows of d decimal-string coordinates in [-1, 1]. Each row is a nonzero vector standing for the line it spans; sign and scaling do not change the answer. · Verifier v1.0.0

DISCUSSION

Discussion

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