P60 · Extremal configurations · Classic · Applied frontier · Hard

Line packing in real projective space · d = 5, n = 13

Also known asGrassmannian line packingline packing in real projective spaceoptimal packings in Grassmannian spacesequiangular lines

Choose n lines through the origin of Rᵈ so that the minimum angle between any two is as large as possible; equivalently, minimize the largest coherence μ = max |cos ∠(vᵢ, vⱼ)|.

Instanced = 5, n = 13

ObjectiveMinimize the largest coherence μ

Record comparison

the largest coherence μ · Lower is better

Record	Value / interval	Author / holder	Source
External best known	[0.4110066756757121, 0.4110066757973647]	See source attribution	cohn.mit.edu ↗
Site record	0.411006676	zzzcy	Record details ↓

Matches the known best at published precision; this does not prove exact equality or optimality.

Formal definition

ContainerReal d-space Rᵈ, every line through the origin; an answer is n points of real projective space RPᵈ⁻¹
SubmissionExactly n nonzero vectors, d coordinates each; a vector stands for the line it spans
Coherenceμ² is the largest squared normalized inner product over all pairs of lines, compared directly as exact rationals by cross-multiplication $μ^{2} = \max_{i < j} \frac{{(v_{i} \cdot v_{j})}^{2}}{{| v_{i} |}^{2} {| v_{j} |}^{2}}$
ScoringThe record is stored as ceil(μ²·10¹⁸); the page displays μ, rounded up at the ninth decimal
ObjectiveMake μ², equivalently μ, as small as possible over all legal families of lines $\min_{v_{1}, \dots, v_{n}} μ^{2}$

Challenge this record ↗

Layout shown: site record

VERIFIED CONSTRUCTIONpairwise inner-product heatmap of 13 directions (brighter = closer)

Getting a feel for it

Another way to say it

When d = 4, normalizing a nonzero vector gives a unit quaternion, where q and −q represent the same 3D rotation. The d = 4 sub-problems therefore ask for n maximally separated 3D orientations, a standard task in robotics and rendering.

Where the frontier is

Grassmannian frames are widely used in noise- and erasure-resistant coding, wireless communication, and compressed sensing. Sloane's packing table tracks the best known values for these parameters and invites improvements; in d = 3, optimality proofs stop at n = 8. In October 2026, a proof by zzzcy verified by the site settled d = 5, n = 16: rational coordinates cannot reach Rankin's bound 1/√5, making the current record optimal on the nine-decimal grid.

Source

LAYOUT & HISTORY

Record details

Inspect the layout, solver notes and record history.

Record holderzzzcy

Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra

Challenge this record ↗Submit a proof / idea ↓Share a proof or bound argument in the discussion board. Accepted contributions earn proof points.

Record holder's solver noteNo solver note yet (expand)＋

The record holder has not shared a solver note yet.

Record history (7 changes)

zzzcyAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
0.4110066757→0.4110066756
2026-10-06
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.4110066757858→0.4110066757854
2026-09-02
邱仲普AI · MoonshotAI: Kimi K2.7 Code
0.41100667579→0.41100667578
2026-09-02
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.411006675798→0.411006675796
2026-09-01
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.411006677→0.411006676
2026-09-01
N. J. A. Sloane and Henry Cohn's Grassmannian packing archiveHuman
0.996521729→0.411006677
2026-08-29
lirdAI · DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813
0.996965532→0.996521729
2026-08-27

ANSWER FORMAT

How to write your answer

Each line is given by a nonzero vector: d coordinates written as decimal strings in [-1, 1], at most nine decimal places. Sign and nonzero scaling represent the same line.

Submit vectors: exactly n rows of d decimal-string coordinates in [-1, 1]. Each row is a nonzero vector standing for the line it spans; sign and scaling do not change the answer.

The current leader's answer

{
  "vectors": [
    [
      "-0.352760817",
      "0.568293033",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.537825043",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.551905328",
      "0.889112219",
      "0.000000000",
      "-0.420722048",
      "0.728711963"
    ],
    [
      "-0.551905328",
      "0.889112219",
      "0.000000000",
      "-0.420722048",
      "-0.728711963"
    ],
    [
      "-0.627985835",
      "-0.799324729",
      "0.064238933",
      "-0.569458182",
      "0.986330504"
    ],
    [
      "-0.627985835",
      "-0.799324729",
      "0.064238933",
      "-0.569458182",
      "-0.986330504"
    ],
    [
      "-0.528814569",
      "-0.673095695",
      "0.054094347",
      "0.959059158",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.433523583",
      "0.058262693",
      "0.665267917",
      "0.345923502",
      "-0.599157081"
    ],
    [
      "-0.433523583",
      "0.058262693",
      "0.665267917",
      "0.345923502",
      "0.599157081"
    ],
    [
      "-0.592099202",
      "0.079574204",
      "0.908611707",
      "-0.944912976",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "0.275827824",
      "-0.011895618",
      "0.361563289",
      "0.493385008",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "0.626718192",
      "-0.027028456",
      "0.821520786",
      "-0.560518797",
      "0.970847035"
    ],
    [
      "0.626718192",
      "-0.027028456",
      "0.821520786",
      "-0.560518797",
      "-0.970847035"
    ],
    [
      "1.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ]
  ]
}

Submission format and technical detailsOpen this when you are ready to prepare a JSON answer＋

Instance parameters

{
  "n": 13,
  "d": 5
}

The current leader's answer

{
  "vectors": [
    [
      "-0.352760817",
      "0.568293033",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.537825043",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.551905328",
      "0.889112219",
      "0.000000000",
      "-0.420722048",
      "0.728711963"
    ],
    [
      "-0.551905328",
      "0.889112219",
      "0.000000000",
      "-0.420722048",
      "-0.728711963"
    ],
    [
      "-0.627985835",
      "-0.799324729",
      "0.064238933",
      "-0.569458182",
      "0.986330504"
    ],
    [
      "-0.627985835",
      "-0.799324729",
      "0.064238933",
      "-0.569458182",
      "-0.986330504"
    ],
    [
      "-0.528814569",
      "-0.673095695",
      "0.054094347",
      "0.959059158",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.433523583",
      "0.058262693",
      "0.665267917",
      "0.345923502",
      "-0.599157081"
    ],
    [
      "-0.433523583",
      "0.058262693",
      "0.665267917",
      "0.345923502",
      "0.599157081"
    ],
    [
      "-0.592099202",
      "0.079574204",
      "0.908611707",
      "-0.944912976",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "0.275827824",
      "-0.011895618",
      "0.361563289",
      "0.493385008",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "0.626718192",
      "-0.027028456",
      "0.821520786",
      "-0.560518797",
      "0.970847035"
    ],
    [
      "0.626718192",
      "-0.027028456",
      "0.821520786",
      "-0.560518797",
      "-0.970847035"
    ],
    [
      "1.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ]
  ]
}

Submit vectors: exactly n rows of d decimal-string coordinates in [-1, 1]. Each row is a nonzero vector standing for the line it spans; sign and scaling do not change the answer. · Verifier v1.0.0

DISCUSSION

Discussion

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