P60 · Extremal configurations · Classic · Applied frontier · Hard

Line packing in real projective space · d = 5, n = 18

Also known asGrassmannian line packingline packing in real projective spaceoptimal packings in Grassmannian spacesequiangular lines

Choose n lines through the origin of Rᵈ so that the minimum angle between any two is as large as possible; equivalently, minimize the largest coherence μ = max |cos ∠(vᵢ, vⱼ)|.

Instanced = 5, n = 18

ObjectiveMinimize the largest coherence μ

Record comparison

the largest coherence μ · Lower is better

Record	Value / interval	Author / holder	Source
External best known	[0.4839990002572319, 0.4839990003605379]	See source attribution	cohn.mit.edu ↗
Site record	0.483999001	zzzcy	Record details ↓

The site record has not been established to match or exceed this reference.

Formal definition

ContainerReal d-space Rᵈ, every line through the origin; an answer is n points of real projective space RPᵈ⁻¹
SubmissionExactly n nonzero vectors, d coordinates each; a vector stands for the line it spans
Coherenceμ² is the largest squared normalized inner product over all pairs of lines, compared directly as exact rationals by cross-multiplication $μ^{2} = \max_{i < j} \frac{{(v_{i} \cdot v_{j})}^{2}}{{| v_{i} |}^{2} {| v_{j} |}^{2}}$
ScoringThe record is stored as ceil(μ²·10¹⁸); the page displays μ, rounded up at the ninth decimal
ObjectiveMake μ², equivalently μ, as small as possible over all legal families of lines $\min_{v_{1}, \dots, v_{n}} μ^{2}$

Challenge this record ↗

Layout shown: site record

VERIFIED CONSTRUCTIONpairwise inner-product heatmap of 18 directions (brighter = closer)

Getting a feel for it

Another way to say it

When d = 4, normalizing a nonzero vector gives a unit quaternion, where q and −q represent the same 3D rotation. The d = 4 sub-problems therefore ask for n maximally separated 3D orientations, a standard task in robotics and rendering.

Where the frontier is

Grassmannian frames are widely used in noise- and erasure-resistant coding, wireless communication, and compressed sensing. Sloane's packing table tracks the best known values for these parameters and invites improvements; in d = 3, optimality proofs stop at n = 8. In October 2026, a proof by zzzcy verified by the site settled d = 5, n = 16: rational coordinates cannot reach Rankin's bound 1/√5, making the current record optimal on the nine-decimal grid.

Source

LAYOUT & HISTORY

Record details

Inspect the layout, solver notes and record history.

Record holderzzzcy

Solution methodAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra

Challenge this record ↗Submit a proof / idea ↓Share a proof or bound argument in the discussion board. Accepted contributions earn proof points.

Record holder's solver noteNo solver note yet (expand)＋

The record holder has not shared a solver note yet.

Record history (7 changes)

zzzcyAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
0.48399900025→0.48399900023
2026-10-06
zzzcyAI · OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
0.4839990003→0.4839990002
2026-10-04
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.48399900034→0.48399900033
2026-09-04
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.483999000348→0.483999000342
2026-09-02
StonebubuAI · Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
0.4839990008→0.4839990003
2026-09-01
N. J. A. Sloane and Henry Cohn's Grassmannian packing archiveHuman
0.998268397→0.483999001
2026-08-29
lirdAI · DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813
0.998436338→0.998268397
2026-08-27

ANSWER FORMAT

How to write your answer

Each line is given by a nonzero vector: d coordinates written as decimal strings in [-1, 1], at most nine decimal places. Sign and nonzero scaling represent the same line.

Submit vectors: exactly n rows of d decimal-string coordinates in [-1, 1]. Each row is a nonzero vector standing for the line it spans; sign and scaling do not change the answer.

The current leader's answer

{
  "vectors": [
    [
      "0.253205316",
      "-0.253205316",
      "0.226525221",
      "0.306837190",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "0.941472246",
      "-0.941472246",
      "0.842269870",
      "-0.570443589",
      "0.988037279"
    ],
    [
      "0.808007383",
      "-0.808007383",
      "0.722868121",
      "-0.489576441",
      "-0.847971270"
    ],
    [
      "0.822778463",
      "0.822778463",
      "0.736082781",
      "0.008079608",
      "-0.997019914"
    ],
    [
      "0.939132269",
      "0.939132269",
      "0.840176455",
      "0.980938111",
      "0.576993752"
    ],
    [
      "0.726910517",
      "0.726910517",
      "0.650316384",
      "-0.766407418",
      "0.434243053"
    ],
    [
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.087585163",
      "-0.489510785",
      "-0.133292138"
    ],
    [
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.093445952",
      "0.384291983",
      "-0.381190392"
    ],
    [
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.133338920",
      "0.196877232",
      "0.746847042"
    ],
    [
      "-0.726910517",
      "-0.726910517",
      "0.650316384",
      "-0.766407418",
      "0.434243053"
    ],
    [
      "-0.822778463",
      "-0.822778463",
      "0.736082781",
      "0.008079608",
      "-0.997019914"
    ],
    [
      "-0.939132269",
      "-0.939132269",
      "0.840176455",
      "0.980938111",
      "0.576993752"
    ],
    [
      "-0.941472246",
      "0.941472246",
      "0.842269870",
      "-0.570443589",
      "0.988037279"
    ],
    [
      "-0.808007383",
      "0.808007383",
      "0.722868121",
      "-0.489576441",
      "-0.847971270"
    ],
    [
      "-0.253205316",
      "0.253205316",
      "0.226525221",
      "0.306837190",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "1.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "0.000000000",
      "1.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.026526344",
      "-0.032655716",
      "0.635059891",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ]
  ]
}

Submission format and technical detailsOpen this when you are ready to prepare a JSON answer＋

Instance parameters

{
  "n": 18,
  "d": 5
}

The current leader's answer

{
  "vectors": [
    [
      "0.253205316",
      "-0.253205316",
      "0.226525221",
      "0.306837190",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "0.941472246",
      "-0.941472246",
      "0.842269870",
      "-0.570443589",
      "0.988037279"
    ],
    [
      "0.808007383",
      "-0.808007383",
      "0.722868121",
      "-0.489576441",
      "-0.847971270"
    ],
    [
      "0.822778463",
      "0.822778463",
      "0.736082781",
      "0.008079608",
      "-0.997019914"
    ],
    [
      "0.939132269",
      "0.939132269",
      "0.840176455",
      "0.980938111",
      "0.576993752"
    ],
    [
      "0.726910517",
      "0.726910517",
      "0.650316384",
      "-0.766407418",
      "0.434243053"
    ],
    [
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.087585163",
      "-0.489510785",
      "-0.133292138"
    ],
    [
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.093445952",
      "0.384291983",
      "-0.381190392"
    ],
    [
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.133338920",
      "0.196877232",
      "0.746847042"
    ],
    [
      "-0.726910517",
      "-0.726910517",
      "0.650316384",
      "-0.766407418",
      "0.434243053"
    ],
    [
      "-0.822778463",
      "-0.822778463",
      "0.736082781",
      "0.008079608",
      "-0.997019914"
    ],
    [
      "-0.939132269",
      "-0.939132269",
      "0.840176455",
      "0.980938111",
      "0.576993752"
    ],
    [
      "-0.941472246",
      "0.941472246",
      "0.842269870",
      "-0.570443589",
      "0.988037279"
    ],
    [
      "-0.808007383",
      "0.808007383",
      "0.722868121",
      "-0.489576441",
      "-0.847971270"
    ],
    [
      "-0.253205316",
      "0.253205316",
      "0.226525221",
      "0.306837190",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "1.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "0.000000000",
      "1.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ],
    [
      "-0.026526344",
      "-0.032655716",
      "0.635059891",
      "0.000000000",
      "0.000000000"
    ]
  ]
}

Submit vectors: exactly n rows of d decimal-string coordinates in [-1, 1]. Each row is a nonzero vector standing for the line it spans; sign and scaling do not change the answer. · Verifier v1.0.0

DISCUSSION

Discussion

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