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P83 · Packing and covering · Classic · Hard

Equilateral triangles in a square · n = 31

Pack n unit-side equilateral triangles into a square. Contact is allowed; interiors cannot overlap. Minimise the container square side.

Instancen = 31
ObjectiveMinimize container square side
Best known, unproven3.93107Source-precision interval: 3.93107–3.93108 (values inside match)exhibited site certificate 3.931078147Compiled by Erich Friedman; 31. Found by Jake Loyd in June 2026. Source expression: s = 3.93107+.

Formal definition

  • ContainerThe editor and certificate normalize to the unit square [0,1]². This is a coordinate convention only; scores use the literature's unit-piece scale. Boundary contact is allowed.
  • SubmissionSubmit {radius, placements:[{x,y,turn},…]}, with decimal strings of at most nine places. x,y are centres; circles require turn=0, polygons use turn=tan(θ/2). Coordinates and turn lie in ±4; 0 < radius ≤ 4.
  • ConstraintsExactly n congruent shapes lie wholly in the container with pairwise disjoint interiors. Polygon rotations are independent, not limited to quarter turns.
  • PrecisionInput decimals are exact rationals; regular-polygon vertices are algebraic, not rounded templates. Feasibility has no floating-point tolerance. A finite-decimal certificate is not a continuous optimality proof.
  • Objectivecontainer square side = 1/(2 sin(pi/3) r), smaller is better. Pages, leaderboards and literature share these units; conversion is automatic.
Open the full editor ↗
VERIFIED CONSTRUCTIONVERIFIED CONSTRUCTION

Getting a feel for it

Source and certificate

External targets are converted with their printed precision; decimal coordinate certificates are separate. Reconstruction loss never lowers the literature target, and a source construction is not automatically an optimality proof.

Source
The record-holding arrangement for Equilateral triangles in a square n = 31, 3.931078147
Current leader

3.931078147

container square side

Matches the best known
Answer source31. Found by Jake Loyd
Solution methodPublished reference construction
Challenge this record ↗Submit a proof / idea ↓Share a proof or idea in the discussion. Accepted contributions can earn proof points.
Record holder's solver noteNo solver note yet (expand)＋

The record holder has not shared a solver note yet.

ANSWER FORMAT

How to write your answer

the unit square [0,1]²

Submit {radius, placements:[{x,y,turn},…]}, with decimal strings of at most nine places. x,y are centres; circles require turn=0, polygons use turn=tan(θ/2). Coordinates and turn lie in ±4; 0 < radius ≤ 4.

The current leader's answer

{
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    },
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      "turn": "0.267949192",
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    {
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    {
      "turn": "-0.577350269",
      "x": "0.926565912",
      "y": "0.872808429"
    },
    {
      "turn": "-0.267949192",
      "x": "0.521871480",
      "y": "0.853131825"
    },
    {
      "turn": "0.000000000",
      "x": "0.853131825",
      "y": "0.745616858"
    },
    {
      "turn": "0.000000000",
      "x": "0.073434088",
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    {
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    {
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    {
      "turn": "0.000000000",
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    {
      "turn": "-0.552464823",
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    },
    {
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  ],
  "radius": "0.146868174"
}
Submission format and technical detailsOpen this when you are ready to prepare a JSON answer＋

Instance parameters

{
  "n": 31,
  "sides": 5
}

The current leader's answer

{
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  ],
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}

Submit {radius, placements:[{x,y,turn},…]}, with decimal strings of at most nine places. x,y are centres; circles require turn=0, polygons use turn=tan(θ/2). Coordinates and turn lie in ±4; 0 < radius ≤ 4. · Verifier v1.0.0

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